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Teachers Activity links ____________________ Grammar advanced intermediate beginning ____________________ Reading abridged stories paraphrasing ____________________ Writing essay skills verb choice end focus ____________________ Listening Speaking Teaching Vowels s- endings note-taking skills ____________________ more to come... ____________________ created and maintained by Douglas E. Adams		Reduced Adverb Clauses page 2 Reducing Active Adverb Clauses: When reducing active clauses there are three things to keep in mind: Active clauses reduce to the ing form. [looks like a gerund] Whatever word occupies the space right after the subordinator has to have the same meaning as the word that begins the independent clause. [In most cases this means the subject of the dependent clause = the subject of the independent clause. However, if the independent clause is passive, then it will = the object.] Not all adverb clause subordinators can be reduced. Active clauses reduce to the ing form: [perfect tenses] Changing the verb into its gerund form is not difficult for the simple and continuous tenses [past and present]. We don't have to worry about changing the future tenses for time or condition clauses since the stupid rule states that we can't put a future tense verb right after a time or condition subordinator. We'll also look at what happens to the future tense in other types of adverb clauses a little later. That said, what happens when we want to reduce a clause with a perfect or perfect continuous tense?    For example:     After he had eaten 10 burgers, Tom tossed his cookies.                         DC                                        IC Rather than changing the entire verb to its gerund form, we can just change "had" to "having".    For example:     After having eaten 10 burgers, Tom tossed his cookies.                         DC                                        IC Note that it's still clear from our sentence that Tom ate the burgers first, and then tossed his cookies, so we haven't changed the meaning. Next...

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